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| howmany1 = 7,548,500 ''actively'' in person during June in Istanbul alone (unofficial estimate) at least 3,545,000 ''actively'' in person (government estimate) | howmany2 = Unknown | fatalities = 22〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Policeman dies after falling off bridge during protests in southern Turkey )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Polisin Biber Gazı Bir Can Daha Aldı )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ali İsmail Korkmaz Hayatını Kaybetti )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=İstanbul'da gergin gece: 1 ölü )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biber gazı bir can daha aldı )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Okmeydanı'ndaki eylemlerde bir kişi başından vuruldu! )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biber gazlı müdahale sonrası komaya giren Elif Çermik öldü )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27753043 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/boy-killed-in-clashes-with-turkish-police-in-latest-protest-related-child-death.aspx?pageID=238&nID=67840&NewsCatID=509 )〕 | injuries = at least 8,163 (during the Gezi Park protests) (at least 63 in serious or critical condition with at least 3 having a risk of death)〔 | arrests = at least 4,900 with 81 people being held in custody (during the Gezi Park protests)〔〔 |detentions=at least 134 (during the Gezi Park protests)〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gezi Parkı Direnişi ve Sonrasında Yaşananlara İlişkin Değerlendirme Raporu 17.07.2013 – PDF )〕 }} A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Taksim Gezi Park. The protests were sparked by outrage at the violent eviction of a sit-in at the park protesting the plan.〔 (« Istanbul : les Indignés de Taksim » ), Laurène Perrussel-Morin, Le Journal International, 29 mai 2013〕 Subsequently, supporting protests and strikes took place across Turkey, protesting a wide range of concerns at the core of which were issues of freedom of the press, of expression, assembly, and the government's encroachment on Turkey's secularism. With no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organized the original environmental protest, the protests have been compared to the Occupy movement and the May 1968 events. Social media played a key part in the protests, not least because much of the Turkish media downplayed the protests, particularly in the early stages. 3.5 million of Turkey's 80 million people are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest.〔 11 people were killed and more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.〔〔Tim Phillips, ("New Report on Human Rights Violations During Turkey’s Response to Gezi Park Protests" ), Activist Defense, 4 October 2013.〕 The sit-in at Taksim Gezi Park was restored after police withdrew from Taksim Square on 1 June, and developed into an Occupy-like camp, with thousands of protesters in tents, organising a library, medical center, food distribution, and their own media. After the Gezi Park camp was cleared by riot police on 15 June, protesters began to meet in other parks all around Turkey and organised public forums to discuss ways forward for the protests.〔Hurriyet Daily News, 19 June 2013, (Group stands against 'standing man' in Istanbul protest square )〕〔bianet, 19 June 2013, (Every Park Become Gezi Park in Turkey )〕 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan dismissed the protesters as "a few looters" on 2 June.〔 Police suppressed the protests with tear gas and water cannons. In addition to the 11 deaths and over 8,000 injuries, more than 3,000 arrests were made. Excessive use of force by police and the overall absence of government dialogue with the protesters was criticized by some foreign countries and international organisations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gezi Park Protests: Brutal Denial Of The Rıght To Peaceful Assembly In Turkey )〕 The range of the protesters was described as being broad, encompassing both right- and left-wing individuals.〔 Their complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as the authoritarianism of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, curbs on alcohol,〔 a recent row about kissing in public,〔 and the war in Syria.〔 Protesters called themselves ''çapulcu'' (looters), reappropriating Erdoğan's insult for themselves (and coined the derivative "chapulling", given the meaning of "fighting for your rights"). Many users on Twitter also changed their screenname and used ''çapulcu'' instead. According to various analysts, the protests are the most challenging events for Erdoğan's ten-year term and the most significant nationwide disquiet in decades. ==Background== The Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has governed since 2002, winning the 2002, 2007 and 2011 elections by large margins. Under its rule the economy of Turkey recovered from the 2001 financial crisis and recession, driven in particular by a construction boom. At the same time, particularly since 2011, it has been accused of driving forward an Islamist agenda, having undermined the secularist influence of the Turkish Army. During the same period it also increased a range of restrictions on human rights, most notably freedom of speech and freedom of the press, despite improvements resulting from the accession process to the European Union. Since 2011, the AKP has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press, Internet use, television content,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=In Erdogan's Turkey, Censorship Finds Fertile Ground )〕 and the right to free assembly. It has also developed links with Turkish media groups, and used administrative and legal measures (including, in one case, a $2.5 billion tax fine) against critical media groups and journalists: "over the last decade the AKP has built an informal, powerful, coalition of party-affiliated businessmen and media outlets whose livelihoods depend on the political order that Erdoğan is constructing. Those who resist do so at their own risk."〔 The government has been seen by certain constituencies as increasingly Islamist and authoritarian, An education reform strengthening Islamic elements and courses in public primary and high schools was approved by the parliament in 2012, with Erdoğan saying that he wanted to foster a "pious generation." The sale and consumption of alcohol in university campuses has been banned. People have been given jail sentences for blasphemy. While construction in Turkey has boomed and has been a major driver for the economy, this has involved little to no local consultation. For example, major construction projects in Istanbul have been "opposed by widespread coalitions of diverse interests. Yet in every case, the government has run roughshod over the projects' opponents in a dismissive manner, asserting that anyone who does not like what is taking place should remember how popular the AKP has been when elections roll around." Corruption concerns have also been raised, particularly relating to the Kanal İstanbul.〔Craig Murray, 2 June 2013, (Talking Turkey )〕 Environmental issues, especially since the 2010 decision of the government to build additional nuclear power plants and the third bridge, led to continued demonstrations in Istanbul and Ankara. The Black Sea Region has seen dozens of protests against the construction of waste-dumps, nuclear and coal power plants, mines, factories and hydroelectric dams. 24 local musicians and activists in 2012 created a video entitled "Diren Karadeniz" ("Resist, Black Sea"), which prefigured the ubiquitous Gezi Park slogan "Diren Gezi". The government's stance on the civil war in Syria is another cause of social tension in the country. Controversy within progressive communities has been sparked by plans to turn Turkey's former Christian Hagia Sophia churches (now museums) in Trabzon and possibly Istanbul into mosques, a plan which failed to gain the support of prominent Muslim leaders from Trabzon. In 2012 and 2013, structural weaknesses in Turkey's economy were becoming more apparent. Economic growth slowed considerably in 2012 from 8.8% in 2011 to 2.2% in 2012 and forecasts for 2013 were below trend. Unemployment remained high at at least 9% and the current account deficit was growing to over 6% of GDP. A key issue Erdoğan campaigned for prior to the 2011 election was to rewrite the military-written constitution from 1982. Key amongst Erdoğan's demands were for Turkey to transform the role of President from that of a ceremonial role to an executive presidential republic with emboldened powers and for him to be elected president in the 2014 presidential elections. To submit such proposals to a referendum needs 330 out of 550 votes in the Grand National Assembly and to approve without referendum by parliament requires 367 out of 550 votes (a two-thirds majority) - The AKP currently holds only 326 seats. As such the constitutional commission requires agreement from opposition parties, namely the CHP, MHP and BDP who have largely objected to such proposals. Moreover, the constitutional courts have ruled that current president Abdullah Gül is permitted to run for the 2014 elections, who is widely rumoured to have increasingly tense relations and competition with Erdoğan. Furthermore, many members of parliament in the governing AKP have internally also objected by arguing that the current presidential system suffices. Erdoğan himself is currently barred from running for a fourth term as prime minister in the 2015 general elections due to current AKP by-laws, largely sparking accusations from the public that Erdoğan's proposals were stated in light of him only intending to prolong his rule as the most dominant figure in politics. The constitutional proposals have mostly so far been delayed in deliberations or lacked any broad agreement for reforms. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gezi Park protests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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